The Severely Hypoxemic ED Patient

• Most define hypoxemia as a P_aO₂ < 60 mm Hg.
• Perhaps a better definition of hypoxemia is a P_aO₂ that is associated with continued tissue hypoxia (rising lactate, low S_cvO₂), the need for vasopressor medications, or severe metabolic acidosis.
• For ED patients that remain hypoxemic despite increased F_iO₂ and high levels of PEEP, consider the following rescue therapies:
  • Recruitment maneuvers - brief periods of high PEEP (35-50 cm H₂O) or pressure-controlled breaths to reopen collapsed alveoli
  • High-frequency oscillatory ventilation - employs a high airway pressure to recruit closed alveolar segments
  • Prone positioning - believed to improve oxygenation through a redistribution of ventilation and perfusion
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

References

Patroniti N, Isgro S, Zanella A. Clinical management of severely hypoxemic patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2011; 17:50-56.